√ Fiber Optic Cable | Physics

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Optical Fibres. An important application of total internal reflection is the use of optical fibres. These are a type of waveguide that rely on total internal reflection. They can be used to direct a beam of light around corners, or carry it long distances. Optical fibres consist of a number of concentric tubes, the fibre core, usually made of transparent glass, the cladding, with a lower refractive index than the core and a sheath protecting the inner layers. When light inside the core reaches the cladding of the fibre, it is totally internally reflected. The wave of light propagates through the fibre without losing energy. This makes it great for long-distance transmissions. The frequency of light tends to be much higher than the frequency of oscillating electrons. This means that light can transmit more information per second than electricity! Today, it is used for high-speed communication. Optical fibres are also used medically, in endoscopes. Endoscopes use one set of optic fibres to shine light into a cavity and another to carry back the image. They can be used to let a surgeon see during minimally invasive “keyhole” surgery. Optical fibres, while very energy-efficient, lose energy through various means scattering due to defects in the glass, atomic absorption transmission due to defects in the glass and cladding and transmission due to sharp bends in the cable. Two main kinds of optical fibres are used in communication. Multi-mode optical fibres are wide for optical fibres (100 μm). This means that they can operate at many different wavelengths and angles. Data pulses in multi-mode can travel at different speeds, and arrive out-of sequence. This makes them unsuitable for long-distance transmissions. Instead, they are used over short distances; within a building, for example. Single-mode fibres are much thinner than multi-mode. They can transmit data long distances, but require expensive lasers to operate. Data can be transmitted through these at a rate of about 1 GB per second.
Category
Cables and Connectors
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